Christian Mayer's Original Catalogue

In 1777-1778, Christian Mayer, court astronomer at the "Churfüerst" of Mannheim, compiled a catalogue of 80 double stars which were published in 1781 as "Verzeichniss aller bisher entdeckten Doppeltsterne" [Directory of all hitherto discovered doubled stars] in Johann Elert Bode's "Astronomisches Jahrbuch" for 1784, p. 183-6.

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    translated from German by H. Frommert


    Catalogue of All Double Stars Discovered to Now

                                                          Difference                  Location
    No                      Magnitude    RA      Dec      in RA     in Dec  Distance  of the
                                           d  m   d  m        s        s        s     smaller
    
    1 Andromeda both 9th 8 38 29 45 N 45 24 46 S.W. 2 Androm. both 9th 13 13 20 18 N 15 29 32 S.E. 3 Zeta Psc 6.and 7th 15 33 6 25 N 22 9 24 N.E. 4 at Mu Psc both 7th 19 24 5 0 N 0 4 4 S. 5 Gamma Ari both 5th 25 22 18 13 N 3 12 12 S.W. 6 Lambda Ari 5.and 8th 26 25 22 31 N 30 27 38 N.E. 7 Gamma And 2.and 6th 27 36 41 16 N 14 6 12 N.E. 8 Alpha Ari 2.and 9th 28 40 22 24 N 0 2 2 S. 9 30 Ari 6.and 7th 36 3 23 41 N 45 4 41 N.W. 10 Cetus 6.and 7th 32 42 9 38 S 22 3 21 S.E. 11 Taurus both 9th 49 30 26 56 N 30 0 27 E. 12 Tau Tau 4.and 9th 67 14 22 31 N 33 52 60 S.W. 13 Taurus 7.a.telesc. 71 35 14 12 N 37 24 42 N.W. 14 Orion 4.9.a.10th 79 36 2 43 S 15 a. 30 21 26 a. 37 N.E. 15 Delta Ori 2.and 8th 80 10 0 29 S 0 50 50 N.E. 16 at Zeta Ori both 10th 82 23 2 2 S 15 0 15 E. 17 Gemini 5 a.telesc. 93 56 22 17 N 60 47 72 N.W. 18 Or. (11 Mon) 5.and 6th 94 32 6 52 S 6 7 9 N.W. 19 30 Gem 7.and 9th 94 51 17 56 N 12 19 22 S.W. 20 Gemini both 8th 95 11 22 17 N 45 22 47 N.E. 21 Castor 2.and 9th 110 7 32 22 N 10 4 9 N.W. 22 Zeta Cnc 7.and 8th 119 52 18 19 N 0 8 8 S. 23 2. Phi Cnc both 8th 123 21 27 39 N 7 6 8 S.E. 24 Cancer dark [faint] 123 23 25 15 N .. .. .. N.E. 25 Iota Cnc 5.a. 10th 128 19 29 34 N 30 19 31 N.W. 26 at Pi Cnc 9. and 12th 135 3 15 53 N .. 6 .. N.E. 27 at Pi Cnc 10.and 12th 135 40 15 52 N .. .. .. S.E. 28 54 Leo 4.and 7th 160 53 25 56 N 7 2 6 S.E. 29 at Tau Leo No. 83 6 and 8th 168 53 4 13 N 22 18 28 N.E. 30 Tau Leo 4 and 9th 169 8 4 7 N 15 37 40 S.E. 31 a Hya both 7th 170 23 27 59 S 10 10 13 S.E. 32 Coma Berenices 182 24 28 18 N acc. to Mr. Darquier a double star 33 Gamma Vir both 5th 187 37 0 13 S 7 6 9 S.E. 12 CVn (d.Heart 34 of Charles II) 3.and 7th 191 25 39 32 N 21 15 22 S.W. 35 54 Vir both 7th 195 26 17 36 S 22 1.5 21 S.W. 36 Virgo 8.and 10th 195 51 10 9 S 30 7 30 N.E. 37 Zeta UMa (*) 3.and 5th 198 45 56 5 N .. .. 20 S.E. 38 Pi Boo 5.and 8th 217 35 17 24 N 7 2 7 S.E. 39 Beta Sco 2.and 7th 238 9 19 9 S 10 12 15 S.E. 40 Nu Sco 3.and 7th 239 48 18 50 S 18 38 42 N.W. 41 12. m Her 6.and 8th 247 22 4 41 N 52 47 69 S.W. 42 A Oph 7.and 8th 255 23 26 15 S 0 13 13 S. 43 Alpha Her 3.and 7th 256 9 14 40 N 8 4 9 S.E. 44 39 Oph 6.and 9th 256 10 23 58 S 0 14 14 S. 45 71 Her 5.and 8th 257 57 24 45 N 1 2 2 E. 46 Rho Her 5.and 7th 259 0 37 22 N 9 3 8 N.W. 47 61 Oph both 7th 263 21 2 43 N 19 4 19 S.E. 48 b Sgr is double according to Bradley. 49 at Oph. 7.and 8th 267 17 19 21 N 1 .. .. E. 50 Her (pres. No. 95) both 6th 268 3 21 37 N 9 1 9 S.W. 51 p Oph 5.and 7th 268 40 2 35 N 7 1 7 S. 52 Hercules both 8th 270 0 26 6 N 0 17 17 S. 53 Serpens both 7th 271 5 3 2 S .. .. .. E. 54 Sagittarius 8.and 10th 271 27 18 39 S 10 .. .. N.E. 55 Ophiuchus both 9th 275 2 1 8 S 0 2 2 N. 56 Zeta Lyr 5. and 7th 279 17 37 23 N 30 38 45 S.E. 57 Epsilon Lyr 6.and 8th 279 13 39 27 N 3 3 4 N.E. 58 5. Lyr both 6th 279 13 39 24 N 0 2 2 E. 59 Beta Lyr 3.and 9th 280 28 33 4 N 30 41 48 S.E. 60 Theta Ser 5.and 7th 281 18 3 55 N 22 7 23 S.E. 61 Eta Lyr 6.a.telesc. 286 32 38 47 N 30 0 26 E. 62 Beta Cyg 3.and 7th 290 27 27 31 N 31 20 34 N.E. 63 at Gamma Cyg both 9th 303 35 38 33 N 0 7 7 S. 64 Alpha Cap 7.and 8th 304 17 19 15 S 24 12 25 S.W. 65 Delphinus both 9th 305 10 10 39 N 15 3 15 S.E. 66 above Beta Del 9.a.telesc. 396 49 13 59 N 28 10 29 S.W. 67 Gamma Del 4.and 6th 309 4 15 21 N 18 2 17 N.W. 68 at Equuleus 6.and 9th 312 0 4 29 N 13 3 13 N.E. 69 Cygnus 8.and 9th 314 1 34 34 N 15 9 15 S.E. 70 Cygnus 5.and 7th 314 29 37 41 N 15 10 16 N.E. 71 Cygnus both 9th 315 4 37 51 N 0 6 6 S. 72 Mu Cyg 4.and 8th 323 31 27 46 N 12 4 11 S.E. 73 Aquarius 8.and 10th 326 44 4 55 N 15 4 16 N.E. 74 Zeta Aqr both 6th 334 19 1 8 S 3 3 4 S.W. 75 Aquarius 10.and 12th 345 10 10 6 S 0 26 26 S. 76 Aquarius both 7th 348 3 9 39 S 22 3 21 S.E. 77 Pisces both 8th 349 35 4 3 N .. .. .. S. 78 Andromeda 6.and 9th 356 43 30 31 N .. .. .. .. 79 Omega Psc 4.and 9th 357 0 5 39 N 0 2 2 N, 80 Andromeda both 6th 357 13 32 30 N 0 4 4 S.

    (*) This star, the middle star in the tail of the Great Bear, I [Bode] have observed on September 1 of last year [1780] for the first time as a double star through a telescope.

    [Note: I added the running number column, "No", which is not included in the published list.]

    [Bode's explanation follows:]
    Almost all of the double stars listed in the present table have been first observed by the Mr. Hofastronomus [Court Astronomus] Mayer, at the Churfürstlich Observatory in Mannheim, with an 8-feet Birdian mural quadrant. Previously, some double stars had been noted by Cassini, Flamsteed, Bradley and Tob. Mayer, among them Gamma Ari, Gamma Vir, Alpha Gem, Theta Ser, A Oph, a Hya, Zeta Cnc, Omicron Cap as the most wellknown; alone, Mr. Mayer has looked for stars of this kind with particularly hard effort and discovered many previously unknown. Doubled Stars is a name for those stars which show up to the naked eye as single stars, but in telescopes of lower or higher magnification, often only very perfect instruments, appear composed either of two equally large [bright] or unequally large stars, which are separated by only a few seconds. In the previous table, the right ascension and declination of the double stars is given for the years of observation 1777 or 1778 after Mr. Mayer or Flamstead [sic], and should only serve for finding them. I [Bode] have calculated the apparent separation in the 7th column from the difference in right ascension and declination. In the last column it is indicated to which direction the smaller [fainter] star is situated from the larger [brighter] one.

    S.E. means South East, i.e. left hand, down.
    N.E. means North East, i.e. left hand, up.
    S.W. means South West, i.e. right hand, down.
    N.W. means North West, i.e. right hand, up.

    The more acurate observations of the double stars could, over the time, serve excellently for discovering the proper motion of the fixed stars, because by this one can, practically by eyesight, deduce that one ot the other star has moved away from its place, as soon as the separation has changed for a few seconds. Actually, Mr. Mayer has already done various remarkable observations pointing to this. (*) But astronomers would longly have proceeded further in this knowledge, and would have occasion to even more secure conclusions, if there would have been more double stars noted in Flamstead's and other old star catalogs, and if one could rely on the places of fixed stars they give up to single seconds [of arc]. But now, as one has formerly not paid sufficient attention to the double stars, it results also for Flamstead's catalogue that the right ascensions and declinations of stars are only acurate to about 10 or at best 5 seconds from his obserrvations.


    (*) See his Vertheidigung neuer Beobachtungen von Fixsterntrabanten & c. [Defense of new Observations of Fixed Star Satellites & c.] 8. Mannh. 1778. (About this paper, Prof. Fuß of Petersburg will publish a treatise soon) and "de novis in coelo sidereo Phaenomenis & c." [New Phenomena in the Stellar Sky], 4. Mannh. 1779.


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